Extracting meaningful information and knowledge from free text is the subject of considerable research interest in the machine learning and data mining fields.Text data mining (or text mining) has become one of the most active research sub-fields in data mining.Significant developments in the area of biomedical text mining during the past years have demonstrated its great promise for supporting scientists in developing novel hypotheses and new knowledge from the biomedical literature.Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) provides a distinct methodology with which to view human life.It is one of the most complete and distinguished traditional medicines with a history of several thousand years of studying and practicing the diagnosis and treatment of human disease.It has been shown that the TCM knowledge obtained from clinical practice has become a significant complementary source of information for modern biomedical sciences.TCM literature obtained from the historical period and from modern clinical studies has recently been transformed into digital data in the form of relational databases or text documents, which provide an effective platform for information sharing and retrieval.This motivates and facilitates research and development into knowledge discovery approaches and to modernize TCM.In order to contribute to this still growing field, this paper presents (1) a comparative introduction to TCM and modern biomedicine, (2) a survey of the related information sources of TCM, (3) a review and discussion of the state of the art and the development of text mining techniques with applications to TCM, (4) a discussion of the research issues around TCM text mining and its future directions.(c) 2010 Elsevier Inc.All rights reserved.